The United States and Saudi Arabia have signed a 30-year nuclear cooperation agreement that permits the kingdom to enrich uranium. The deal, finalized by the two governments, marks a rare instance of Washington granting enrichment rights to a Middle Eastern partner.
What the deal allows
Under the agreement, Saudi Arabia can enrich uranium for civilian nuclear power. Enrichment is a sensitive technology because the same centrifuges that produce reactor fuel can also be used to make weapons-grade material. The 30-year term gives Riyadh long-term certainty for its planned nuclear energy program, which is part of the country's broader push to diversify its economy.
Why enrichment matters
Uranium enrichment has been a flashpoint in previous US-Saudi nuclear talks. Washington has historically insisted that partners forgo enrichment and reprocessing to reduce proliferation risks. By allowing enrichment, the US is making an exception for Saudi Arabia, a key ally and major oil producer. The deal includes safeguards and oversight provisions, though specific details have not been released.
Next steps in Washington
The agreement now goes to the US Congress for a mandatory 90-day review period under Section 123 of the Atomic Energy Act. Lawmakers can block the deal by passing a joint resolution of disapproval. The review is expected to draw scrutiny from nonproliferation advocates who worry about a regional arms race, as well as from lawmakers concerned about Saudi Arabia's human rights record.
